DENSITY CURRENT INTRUSIONS IN AN ICE-COVERED URBAN LAKE1

ABSTRACT: Evidence is presented that snowmelt runoff from an urban watershed can produce density current intrusions (underflows) in a lake. Several episodes of density current intrusions are documented. Water temperatures and salinities measured near the bottom of a 10 m deep Minneapolis lake during the late winter warming periods in 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1995 show significant rapid changes which are correlated with observed higher air temperatures and snowmelt runoff. The snowmelt runoff entering this particular lake (Ryan Lake) has increased electrical conductivity, salinity, and density. The source of the salinity is the salt spread on urban streets in the winter. Heating of littoral waters in spring may also contribute to the occurrence of the sinking flows, but is clearly not the only cause.     

我国表面处理产业现状及集群化发展对策研究

本文介绍了我国表面处理业发展现状、特点及普遍存在的问题，探讨了以专业园区（表面处理工业园）的形式实施表面处理行业集群化发展的必要性和措施，提出将涉及表面处理工艺的企业纳入园区统一管理，对规范表面处理行业的几个基本要素，即运营模式、收费模式等进行了分析。     

重力挡土墙地震反应研究评述

首先，对重力挡土墙的地震反应机理进行了探讨，在此基础上简要回顾了国内外抗震设计规范的演变进程；然后，对挡土墙地震反应的研究方法进行了细致评述，包括拟静力极限平衡分析法、简化条件解析法、极限位移法、地震土压力简化公式、集总参数法、整体有限元法、现场地震调查、离心机试验、振动台试验和原型观测实验等；最后，指出了需要解决的问题并提出了今后的研究方向。     

粉煤灰最大往返剪切作用面上应变破坏标准的应力条件

基于文献[1]提出的最大往返剪切作用面上的液化应力条件和粉煤灰的动三轴试验数据,运用回归分析方法拟合曲线及相关参数建立了粉煤灰的破坏应力条件,并应用F检验法对参数的回归效果进行了检验,检验结果表明参数的回归效果高度显著。得出的破坏应力条件表明初始剪应力与动剪应力的倒数间并不呈线性关系,而是二次多项式关系,这与张克绪所提出的应力条件存在着差异。因此,可初步认为张克绪的液化应力条件不能直接运用于粉煤灰。     

粘弹性地基上钢筋混凝土方板在低速撞击下的动力响应分析

针对工程中所遇到的撞击问题,在事先仅知道初速度的情况下,研究分析了半无限线性粘弹性地基上的钢筋混凝土方板受低速刚体撞击时的动力响应问题。与高速冲击问题中板结构发生局部破坏的情况不同,低速撞击下板结构发生的是整体响应破坏,因此计算时主要考虑结构的整体响应,但仍须考虑撞击局部损伤影响。建立了局部变形和整体响应间的关系模型,根据该模型推导出钢筋混凝土方板在低速撞击下位移响应w(x,y,t)和撞击反力p(t)的表达式,并结合算例讨论了粘弹性地基对计算结果的影响。     

轨道交通工程隧道暗挖塌方事故的防控对策及应急抢险要点分析

本文根据广州市地质水文气象及隧道暗挖工程的施工特点，对广州市轨道交通工程隧道暗挖塌方事故进行了危险性分析，阐述了隧道暗挖工程的竖井、隧道开挖施工中塌方事故的主要防控对策与预防措施，以及塌方事故的应急准备及响应要点。     

"地球表层"再讨论

对"地球表层概念"的界定与发展和基于新概念的地球表层系统(结构)等进行了综合讨论和阐述;定义了地球表层概念的内涵,提出:地球表层是指地表和近地表各圈层相互作用和渗透的地球部分,是地球上部多态(固、液、气、生物和有机态)物质相互渗透、交融并不断进行物能交换、转化和作用而结合形成的具有内部协同性和一定系统结构的有机整体,是地球生物的生存环境和地表生态系统发生、发展和演化的基础;进一步确立了地球表层的空间位置和范围(外延),即包括地球表面上下的岩石圈、水圈、大气圈、生物圈和物理(能量)场及其相关作用在内的地球空间,其下界是软流圈(以软流圈为过渡层),上界为大气圈最外层,至少应包括磁层在内;岩石圈以下的地幔和地核与大气圈以外的宇宙空间均为地球表层的环境.     

Applying metabolic fingerprinting to ecology: The use of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for the rapid screening of plant responses to N deposition

The potential for metabolic fingerprinting via Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to provide a novel approach for the detection of plant biochemical responses to N deposition is examined. An example of spectral analysis using shoot samples taken from an open top chamber (OTC) experiment simulating wet ammonium deposition is given. Sample preparation involved oven drying and homogenisation via mill grinding. Slurries of a consistent dilution were then prepared prior to FT-IR analysis. Spectra from control, 8 and 16 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 treatments were then subjected to cross-validated discriminant function analysis. Ordination diagrams showed clear separation between the three N treatments examined. The potential for using Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull as a bioindicator of N deposition is further evident from these results. The results also clearly demonstrate the power of FT-IR in discriminating between subtle phenotypic alterations in overall plant biochemistry as affected by ammonium pollution.     

TEMPORAL CHANGES IN THE YADKIN RIVER FLOW VERSUS SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION RELATIONSHIP1

ABSTRACT: Dynamic linear models (DLM) and seasonal trend decomposition (STL) using local regression, or LOESS, were used to analyze the 50‐year time series of suspended sediment concentrations for the Yadkin River, measured at the U.S. Geological Survey station at Yadkin College, North Carolina. A DLM with constant trend, seasonality, and a log₁₀ streamflow regressor provided the best model to predict monthly mean log₁₀ suspended sediment concentrations, based on the forecast log likelihood. Using DLM, there was evidence (odds approximately 69:1) that the log₁₀ streamflow versus log₁₀ suspended sediment concentration relationship has changed, with an approximate 20 percent increase in the log₁₀ streamflow coefficient over the period 1981 to 1996. However, sediment concentrations in the Yadkin River have decreased during the decade of the 1990s, which has been accompanied by a concomitant increase in streamflow variability. Although STL has been shown to be a versatile trend analysis technique, DLM is shown to be more suitable for discovery and inference of structural changes (trends) in the model coefficient describing the relationship between flow and sediment concentration.